空间语义增强下的城市交通事故数据可视分析

目的 海量城市交通事故数据可能蕴含有交通事故的空间模式，挖掘出交通事故的空间模式有助于开展交通事故的防治工作。目前交通管理部门虽然记录了交通事故发生地的空间位置信息，但没有对事故发生地进行空间语义描述，从而影响对交通事故空间模式的深入分析。因此，提出一种交通事故数据空间语义增强方法，并设计了一套可视分析系统。方法 基于城市兴趣点来增强交通事故数据的空间语义。以事故发生点为中心获取周围城市兴趣点，使用特征向量刻画兴趣点的数量、类别及其与事故发生点的距离，并称此向量为空间语义特征向量。将空间语义特征向量和相应的交通事故关联，以达到增强其空间语义的目的。然后，基于空间语义特征向量，使用自组织映射聚类算法对交通事故进行聚类分析，根据其空间语义特征将交通事故分为若干类别。最后，通过使用地图视图展示事故点数据、聚类视图和平行坐标视图展示聚类分析的结果及其空间语义特征的可视化方法，对交通事故的空间模式进行分析。结果 针对空间语义增强的交通事故数据以及相关分析任务，有效地使用上述数据分析方法与可视化技术，设计并实现了一套多视图关联的可视分析系统，提供了便捷的交互方式辅助用户分析。通过研发人员和交通警察共同对安徽省合肥市2018年的交通事故数据进行分析，将交通事故发生地划分9类并指出每类地点的空间语义特点，进一步分析出了事故高发区域的空间语义特性。结论 本文提出的交通事故数据空间语义增强方法和可视分析方法可以帮助用户揭示交通事故的空间语义模式，有助于深入分析和认识交通事故的成因，能为交通事故防治相关的城市建设工作提供建议。     

基于桥连接的词典学习方法的语义解析

现阶段的语义解析方法大部分都基于组合语义,这类方法的核心就是词典。词典是词汇的集合,词汇定义了自然语言句子中词语到知识库本体中谓词的映射。语义解析一直面临着词典中词汇覆盖度不够的问题。针对此问题,该文在现有工作的基础上,提出了基于桥连接的词典学习方法,该方法能够在训练中自动引入新的词汇并加以学习,为了进一步提高新学习到的词汇的准确度,该文设计了新的词语—二元谓词的特征模板,并使用基于投票机制的核心词典获取方法。该文在两个公开数据集(WebQuestions和Free917)上进行了对比实验,实验结果表明,该文方法能够学习到新的词汇,提高词汇的覆盖度,进而提升语义解析系统的性能,特别是召回率。     

自然光照条件下植被几何光学四分量的提取算法

目的 几何光学四分量是指在太阳光照条件下传感器所能观测的4个光学分量，即光照植被、光照土壤、阴影植被和阴影土壤。四分量是构成遥感几何光学模型的重要内容。在近地表遥感应用中，相机俯视拍照是提取四分量的一个途径。准确快速地从图像数据中提取四分量对植被冠层结构参数反演和植被长势监测具有重要意义。方法 植被与土壤二分量的识别是四分量提取的基础。目前大多数二分类算法在自然光照条件复杂时分类误差较大。本文基于卷积神经网络（CNN）和阈值法实现了多种二分类和四分量提取算法。阈值法中，使用SHAR-LABFVC （shadow-resistant algorithm：LABFVC）实现植被与土壤的二分类，并在此基础上应用二次阈值分割获取四分量，称为二次阈值法；基于CNN的方法中，采用U-Net架构，并使用RGB和RGBV数据进行训练得到U-Net和U-Net-V模型，前者完成二分类和四分量任务，后者只完成四分量提取实验。最后，对一种结合U-Net与阈值法的混合算法进行四分量提取实验。结果 本文在18幅图像（1 800个子图）数据上进行了实验，结果表明，与目视解译得到的四分量真值相比较，U-Net-V和混合法精度最高，具有相近的均方根误差（RMSE）（0.06和0.07）和相关系数（0.95和0.94）；二次阈值法与U-Net模型精度略低于上述两种算法，RMSE分别是0.08和0.09，相关系数均为0.88。在二分类实验中，U-Net的分类正确率是91%，SHAR-LABFVC为85%。结论 通过对比实验表明，在二分类问题中，U-Net可以更好地应对复杂自然光照条件下的数字图像。在四分量提取实验中，混合法和U-Net-V的结果优于U-Net与二次阈值法，可以用于提取四分量。     

Two‐Photon Up‐Conversion Photoluminescence Realized through Spatially Extended Gap States in Quasi‐2D Perovskite Films

A new approach to generate a two‐photon up‐conversion photoluminescence (PL) by directly exciting the gap states with continuous‐wave (CW) infrared photoexcitation in solution‐processing quasi‐2D perovskite films [(PEA)₂(MA)₄Pb₅Br₁₆ with n = 5] is reported. Specifically, a visible PL peaked at 520 nm is observed with the quadratic power dependence by exciting the gap states with CW 980 nm laser excitation, indicating a two‐photon up‐conversion PL occurring in quasi‐2D perovskite films. Decreasing the gap states by reducing the n value leads to a dramatic decrease in the two‐photon up‐conversion PL signal. This confirms that the gap states are indeed responsible for generating the two‐photon up‐conversion PL in quasi‐2D perovskites. Furthermore, mechanical scratching indicates that the different‐n‐value nanoplates are essentially uniformly formed in the quasi‐2D perovskite films toward generating multi‐photon up‐conversion light emission. More importantly, the two‐photon up‐conversion PL is found to be sensitive to an external magnetic field, indicating that the gap states are essentially formed as spatially extended states ready for multi‐photon excitation. Polarization‐dependent up‐conversion PL studies reveal that the gap states experience the orbit–orbit interaction through Coulomb polarization to form spatially extended states toward developing multi‐photon up‐conversion light emission in quasi‐2D perovskites.     

基于统计的记叙文语句焦点的分布特点研究

该文通过20人对30篇汉语记叙文中语句焦点的标定结果,结合文本标注和统计分析,对焦点在词类和语义角色中的分布规律进行了探讨。结果主要发现,记叙文语篇中焦点词大约占实词总数的五分之一。形容词成为焦点的概率远高于其他词类。焦点在语义角色中分布的总体趋势是 客体论元的焦点化倾向最高,其次是外围论元,最低的是主体论元和谓词部分。     

A review of nanofluid heat transfer and critical heat flux enhancement—Research gap to engineering application

As a novel strategy to improve heat transfer characteristics of fluids by the addition of solid particles with diameters below 100 nm, nanofluids exhibit unprecedented heat transfer properties and are being considered as potential working fluids to be used in high heat flux systems such as electronic cooling systems, solar collectors, heat pipes, and nuclear reactors. The present paper reviews the state-of-the-art nanofluid studies on such topics as thermo-physical properties, convective heat transfer performance, boiling heat transfer performance, and critical heat flux (CHF) enhancement. It is indicated that the current experimental data of nanofluids thermal properties are neither sufficient nor reliable for engineering applications. Some inconsistent or contradictory results related to thermo-physical properties, convective heat transfer performance, boiling heat transfer performance, and CHF enhancement of nanofluids are found in data published in the literature. No comprehensive theory explains the energy transfer processes in nanofluids. To bridge the research gaps for nanofluids' engineering application, the urgent work are suggested as follows. (1) Nanofluid stability under both quiescent and flow conditions should be evaluated carefully; (2) A nanofluid database of thermo-physical properties, including detailed characterization of nanoparticle sizes, distribution, and additives or stabilizers (if used), should be established, in a worldwide cooperation of researchers; (3) More experimental and numerical studies on the interaction of suspended nanoparticles and boundary layers should be performed to uncover the mechanism behind convective heat transfer enhancement by nanofluids; (4) Bubble dynamics of boiling nanofluids should be investigated experimentally and numerically, together with surface tension effects, by considering the influences of nanoparticles and additives if used, to identify the exact contributions of solid surface modifications and suspended nanoparticles to CHF enhancement in boiling heat transfer. Once we acquire such details about the above key issues, we will gain more confidence in conducting application studies of nanofluids in different areas with more efficiency.     

熔融物与下封头间球形窄缝通道内CHF理论研究

严重事故下熔融物与下封头间球形窄缝通道的存在对于下封头结构的完整性有一定的积极意义。本工作通过理论分析，在汽液两相间逆向对流限制机理的基础上提出了球形窄缝通道内的CHF机理模型和预测关系式，预测结果与实验数据符合较好，验证了所建模型的正确性，并进一步分析了系统压力、熔融物半径、间隙尺寸等关键参数对临界热流密度的影响规律。利用本工作的预测模型对三哩岛（TMI-2）事故后堆芯熔融物特性进行了计算分析，结果表明，熔融物与下封头内壁面间的球形窄缝可有效带走堆芯余热，保证了下封头的完整性。     

PUBLIC OPINION,TRADITION, AND INFORMATION HALF-LIFE†

The information needs of a complex society are not met by an information-flow technology invented and developed in traditional societies. This article provides a theoretical framework derived from modern systems theory by which to understand the technology of public opinion policy formation in guidance operations of a complex society. Qualitative models of information flow systems are presented together with a discussion of the kind of society each information flow technology produces. Three are considered: tradition-based information-flow societies, managed information-flow societies (Utopian and elitist), and cybernetic issue-based information-flow societies.     

Quantitative cross impact analysis with latent semantic indexing

Cross impact analysis (CIA) consists of a set of related methodologies that predict the occurrence probability of a specific event and that also predict the conditional probability of a first event given a second event. The conditional probability can be interpreted as the impact of the second event on the first. Most of the CIA methodologies are qualitative that means the occurrence and conditional probabilities are calculated based on estimations of human experts. In recent years, an increased number of quantitative methodologies can be seen that use a large number of data from databases and the internet. Nearly 80% of all data available in the internet are textual information and thus, knowledge structure based approaches on textual information for calculating the conditional probabilities are proposed in literature. In contrast to related methodologies, this work proposes a new quantitative CIA methodology to predict the conditional probability based on the semantic structure of given textual information. Latent semantic indexing is used to identify the hidden semantic patterns standing behind an event and to calculate the impact of the patterns on other semantic textual patterns representing a different event. This enables to calculate the conditional probabilities semantically. A case study shows that this semantic approach can be used to predict the conditional probability of a technology on a different technology.     

The Characteristics of Cu2O Thin Films Deposited Using RF‐Magnetron Sputtering Method with Nitrogen‐Ambient

We investigate the characteristics of Cu₂O thin films deposited through the addition of N₂ gas. The addition of N₂ gas has remarkable effects on the phase changes, resulting in improved electrical and optical properties. An intermediate phase (6CuO·Cu₂O) appears at a N₂ flow rate of 1 sccm, and a Cu₂O (200) phase is then preferentially grown at a higher feeding amount of N₂. The optical and electrical properties of Cu₂O thin films are improved with a sufficient N₂ flow rate of more than 15 sccm, as confirmed through various analyses. Under this condition, a high bandgap energy of 2.58 eV and a conductivity of 1.5×10^?2 S/cm are obtained. These high‐quality Cu₂O thin films are expected to be applied to Cu₂O‐based heterojunction solar cells and optical functional films.